What Is Enjambment Definition and Examples

In poetry, enjambment describes a clause or a sentence that continues from one line to the next without a pause and without punctuation. The term enjambment originates from the French words jambe, meaning leg, and enjamber, meaning to straddle or step over. By using enjambment, the poet can compose a sentence that runs on for several lines or even straddles the entire poem before reaching a full stop. Did You Know? In poetry, enjambment creates anticipation and invites readers to move to the next line. It can also be used to emphasize key words or suggest double meanings. Line Breaks in Poetry The line — its length and where it breaks — is the most noticeable feature of poetry. Without line breaks, a poem may resemble prose with text running all the way to the margin. By breaking thoughts into lines, poets can convey ideas and feelings that might be difficult to express in ordinary sentences. Lineation — the process of dividing text into poetic lines — is a skilled art. A poet may try many arrangements before choosing where to end a line. The possibilities can seem endless. A prose poem doesnt have line breaks at all. Most poems, however, have some combination of these lineation patterns: End-stopped lines conclude with a strong form of punctuation like a period or a colon.Parsed lines break where a speaker would naturally pause or take a breath, such as between independent clauses.Enjambed lines break the syntax of the sentence: Phrases stop in mid-thought, only to spill over into the line below. Since the line has no end punctuation, the reader is propelled forward through the poem. Each of these approaches creates a different rhythm and tone. Enjambment tends to quicken the pace. The interruptions arouse uncertainty and suspense, encouraging readers to move to the next line. End-stopped and parsed lines suggest authority. Full stops at the end of each line prompt readers to proceed slowly, contemplating each statement. Enjambment Examples and Analysis Enjambment Example 1: Broken sentences in The Pool Players. Seven at the Golden Shovel by Gwendolyn Brooks. We real cool. WeLeft school. We Lurk late. We ... Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000) became known for writing spare poems about race and social justice. Through deceptively simple language, The Pool Players gives voice to lost and hopeless youth. The complete poem is only eight lines long, and every line except the last is enjambed. The broken sentences suggest restless rebellion and also place extra emphasis on the pronoun We. Theres an uneasy pause and an air of nervous anticipation: We what? Readers are prompted to read on to complete the statement. Enjambment is an especially powerful tool in The Pool Players because the poem is, after all, about broken lives. The fractured statements build to a shocking end stop: We / Die soon. Enjambment Example 2: Double meanings in Vernal Equinox† by Amy Lowell. The scent of hyacinths, like a pale mist, lies between me and my book;And the South Wind, washing through the room,Makes the candles quiver.My nerves sting at a spatter of rain on the shutter,And I am uneasy with the thrusting of green shootsOutside, in the night. Why are you not here to overpower me with your tense and urgent love? Amy Lowell (1874-1925) was an imagist who wanted to describe powerful emotions through precise sensory details and the rhythms of ordinary language. Her poem Vernal Equinox is rich with evocative images: the scent of hyacinths, spattering rain, stinging nerves. The line lengths are irregular, suggesting natural speech. Also, like most poets, Lowell used a variety of lineation patterns. Three of the lines are enjambed while the others are end-stopped or parsed. In the first line, enjambment creates a double meaning. The word lies conjures the idea that the scent of the hyacinths is deceptive. The next line, however, reveals that the word lies refers to the location of the scent: between the speaker and her book. The next enjambment appears in line six. Once again, an unexpected break creates momentary confusion. Is shoots a noun or a verb? Does the thrusting of green actually shoot at someone? To understand whats happening, its necessary to read the next line. The third enjambment occurs near the end of the poem. Suspense builds in the line, Why are you not here to overpower me with your. Your what? Since the poem has been describing hyacinths, the reader might expect the pronouns you and your to reference the flowers. The next line, however, introduces a sudden shift in meaning. The speaker is not addressing the flowers. Your references the love of someone the speaker longs for. Enjambment Example 3: Ambiguity and surprise in By the road to the contagious hospital by William Carlos Williams. By the road to the contagious hospitalunder the surge of the bluemottled clouds driven from thenortheast-a cold wind. Beyond, thewaste of broad, muddy fieldsbrown with dried weeds, standing and fallen patches of standing water ... Like Amy Lowell, William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) was an imagist who wanted to create visual snapshots of ordinary life. By the road to the contagious hospital is from his collection, Spring and All, which combines prose sketches with fragmented poetry. The poem opens with images of a somber and perplexing landscape. The word blue in the second line is ambiguous. At first it seems to refer to the contagious hospital, but as the enjambed sentence continues, its evident that the mottled clouds (which astonishingly surge) are blue.   The hospital is also ambiguous. Is the building contagious? Or does the word contagious describe the type of patient the hospital treats?  What stands beyond the muddy fields — the dried weeds or the patches of water? Enjambed phrases hint at one meaning, only to reveal a different meaning in the line below. As meanings shift, the reader becomes part of the transition, discovering new interpretations along the way. By the road to the contagious hospital is a journey — through the countryside, through changing seasons, and through altered perceptions. William Carlos Williams believed that poets could elevate ordinary life by writing colloquial speech into poetic lines. Enjambment allowed him to focus on small details and reveal beauty or pathos in ordinary objects. His famous poem The Red Wheelbarrow is a single 16-word sentence broken into eight short lines. Another short poem, This Is Just to Say, was allegedly composed as routine note to his wife: Williams broke the 28-word sentence into 12 unpunctuated lines.   Enjambment Example 4: Metered lines from Winters Tale by William Shakespeare. I am not prone to weeping, as our sexCommonly are; the want of which vain dewPerchance shall dry your pities; but I haveThat honorable grief lodged here which burnsWorse than tears drown†¦. Enjambment isnt a modern idea, and is not confined to the world of free verse. Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a master enjamber, using the device in some of his sonnets and throughout his plays. These lines from Winters Tale are blank verse. The meter is a steady and predictable iambic pentameter. If each line came to a full stop, the rhythm might become monotonous. But the lines run counter to the expected syntax. Enjambment energizes the dialog. For modern-day readers, this passage also invites a feminist interpretation, since the enjambment draws attention to the word sex. Enjambment Example 5: Mid-word enjambment in The Windhover by Gerald Manley Hopkins. I caught this morning mornings minion, king-dom of daylights dauphin, dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon, in his ridingOf the rolling level underneath him steady air, and stridingHigh there, how he rung upon the rein of a wimpling wing... Gerald Manley Hopkins (1844-1889) was a Jesuit priest who wrote romantic poems seeped with religious symbolism. Although he worked in traditional rhyming forms, he was also an innovator who introduced techniques that seemed radical during his time. The Windover is a lyrical Petrarchan sonnet with a fixed rhyme scheme: ABBA ABBA CDCDCD. With a keen ear for sound, Hopkins chose rhythmic, musical language to describe a windhover, which is a type of small falcon. In the opening line, kingdom is oddly hyphenated. By dividing the word into two syllables, Hopkins was able to preserve the sonnets rhyme scheme. King in the first line rhymes with wing in the fourth line. In addition to creating a rhyme, the mid-word enjambment accentuates the syllable king, highlights the majesty of the falcon, and hints at religious symbolism. Enjambment Exercise To practice enjambment and other forms of poetic lineation, try this quick exercise. Copy the sentence below and divide it into several lines. Experiment with different line lengths. Where would you like to add an authoritative stop? Where would you like to break mid-thought? for some it is stone bare smooth as a buttock rounding into the crevasse of the world the garden of delight The words are from the first stanza of the garden of delight by Lucille Clifton. Read her version of the poem. Did you make similar choices in your own work? How do the different lineation patterns affect the mood of the poem? Sources Dobyns, Stephen. â€Å"Line Breaks† in Next Word, Better Word: The Craft of Writing Poetry. St. Martins Press. 26 Apr 2011. pp 89-110.Frontier Poetry. James Logenbach and the Art of the Poetic Line. Retrieved at https://www.frontierpoetry.com/2018/04/19/poetry-terms-the-three-lines/Hazelton, Rebecca. Learning the Poetic Line. Retrieved from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/70144/learning-the-poetic-lineLongenbach, James. Line and Syntax (Excerpt from The Art of the Poetic Line). Poetry Daily. Retrieved at http://poems.com/special_features/prose/essay_longenbach2.php

Taking a Look at Capoeira and Belly Dancing - 1140 Words

Throughout history, dance has served as a form that performs and embodies the cultural values of the society it is in. The idea of dance varies within intellectual traditions and develops to a wider concept of movement practices within individual cultures. Dance can be looked upon as a culturally formed activity that offers information about human behavior in a certain society. Dance has also served to disrupt the cultural values in a society due to cultural evolution and cultural migration. The discipline in cultures function with a receptive approach to the exploitation of Western values. The West judges other cultures according to the standard of their own culture. Because of people’s ignorance regarding another culture’s†¦show more content†¦When belly dance first originated, it was a dance that was performed at the bedsides of women during childbirth. This helped a woman through labor and made the birth less painful. This ritualistic practice was k nown in the Middle East and North Africa. Belly dancing was for the women only and men were not allowed to view out of respect. As belly dancing moved through different cultures and areas, it has gained a whole new outlook on it is perceived. From being known as a ritualistic dance, it quickly changed to the â€Å"cabaret† scene. It is now â€Å"an art form created by women for personal entertainment and an avenue for sexual expression.† The people who were spreading their knowledge on belly dancing were Gypsies. Gypsies are known for their glamorous wardrobe and practically changed how belly dancing was seen. This now â€Å"exotic† and â€Å"erratic† dance entertained men. The North finally was introduced to this style in 1893. Belly dancing was pure entertainment and became a type of parody that filtered into nightclubs and strip clubs. It took on this role that achieved to make belly dancing a sexual dance instead of a conservative, ritual dance. From one dramatic change to another, the Eastern and Western worlds have their own take on belly dancing. The

The Analysis and Comparison of the Themes of Beowulf,...

An epic is best described by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero. Epics like Beowulf and The Odyssey are perfect examples of this definition; they are each centered on the deeds and triumphs of their heroes, Beowulf and Odysseus. All epics are similar in a way that they are made up of elements. One major element of the epic is its themes. In all epics, the themes are what make and mold these narrative poems, they descriptively outline the story. Most epics, like Beowulf and The Odyssey, have themes like battles, homecoming, identity, recognition etc. Through themes like these, morals, values and traditions relating to the main†¦show more content†¦Although, his wife Penelope did not know until he turns back to his original being. Also, recognition is gained when Telemachus doubts that Odysseus is his father. But, Odysseus eventually persuades Telemachus to accept him as his father. As stated before, in Homers epic, an identity cannot be claimed until recognition of that identity from others is claimed first. Like The Odyssey, Beowulf is also a legendary epic that includes the themes identity, homecoming, battles and recognition as its primary focus. In Beowulf, the themes homecoming and recognition are very closely related. When Beowulf returns to Geatland, he is greatly rewarded for his works. He reunites with King Hygelac and tells of his great adventures. Recognition is shown by Beowulf giving most of his treasure received to the King, and in return is awarded with treasure of his home from King Hygelac. Beowulf was praised and glorified for his homecoming(s) to Geatland and his return from his victories over Grendel and his mother. He wasrecognized as a true hero, an Anglo-Saxon hero to be exact. In Beowulf, Kingdoms acknowledged Beowulf by showering him with treasures, feasts and celebrations. Like God, to the Geats and Danes, he was worthy of all praises. He earned his recognition. Thats what the homecoming of a hero is all about, heroes being rewarded for their works and receiving the uttermostShow MoreRelatedAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesHistorical Context: ï‚ · Civil War brings demand for a truer type of literature that does not idealize people or places Naturalism period of American Literature - 1880-1900 Naturalism is a sub-genre ofrealism Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · dominant themes: survival fate violence taboo nature is an indifferent force acting on humans brute within each individual is comprised of strong and warring emotions such as greed, power, and fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent world. Genre/Style:

Business Process Management Case Study of DTA

Question: Describe about the Business Process Management for Case Study of DTA. Answer: Introduction This study will mainly focus on a case study of DTA which is known as The Department of Transitional Assistance. The goal of DTA is to assist low-income personnel and families to meet their regular needs by increasing their incomes and enhancing their quality of life. DTA is situated within the Executive Office of Health and Human Services. This department mostly makes sure that the emergency and intermediary needs of the individuals and families of Commonwealth are met through an amalgamation of national and state funded programs. This department is divided into four areas which are field operations, change management, research-planning and evaluation and administration finance (Kerzner 2013). Therefore, it is evident that this organization regularly handles a huge amount of data of their customers. In order to maintain their operations more frequently and flawlessly, DTA was planning to improve their information technology system. The provided case study deeply sheds light on this process of the organization. However, through the case study, it was seen that the organization mostly took some worst decisions during the project. It not only hampered the progress of the project but also hurt the organization as most of the employees quit their jobs. Primary objective of this study is to analyze the case study and to find out in which areas the department took the right decisions and in which paths they took wrong decisions (Schwalbe 2015). Besides, the entire information about the project will also be mentioned in this study. Part 1 Organizational background The Department of Transitional Assistance or DTA is known as an Executive Branch agency that operates from the states Health and Human Service branch. This organization is located in the US in the North East region. Employees of this organization are responsible for developing procedure applications for welfare benefits, track beneficiary, inquiry policy rules, issuing cards for electronic benefits and scanning finger prints. With time, understanding federal social services and rules and regulations related to it have become extremely complex. Several policy changes are introduced by the federal government at least four times a year. These changes in turn affect most of the existing rules and regulations. In order to make possible the methods of eligibility determinations, social workers concentrate in some federal and state service programs administered by the organization. Those programs are aid to families with dependent children, child care, emergency shelter and services to home less individuals, employment services program and supplemental security income (Grefen, Pernici and Snchez 2012). Functional units and processes DTA mainly includes four important units that are Field and eligibility Operations, Administration and Finance, Management related to policy, procedure and programs and Management Information System (MIS). DTA also has forty domestic offices across the state (Chia 2013). Support is also provided through one or more than one programs to more than 500,000 state residents. Functions of each unit is hereby mentioned below, Field Operations and eligibility: This unit of the organization operates within the local offices and monitors services that are centralized and directly supports domestic operations. Those domestic offices are responsible to providing reimbursement and services to eligible families and persons (Binder 2016). Policy, procurement and program management: This division of the organization is responsible for interpreting, establishing and writing requests to Central Administrative agencies. Administrative and Finance: This unit of the company oversees all fiscal and managerial functions within the organization (Meng 2012). MIS: This unit monitors all computerized functions within the department that includes essential technical infrastructure that can support those functions. MIS unit of DTA is also divided in five groups including team of analysts, team for development, team of telecommunication, team for providing support in production and the project (Teller, Kock and Gemnden 2014). In this structure, the analysis team is responsible for responding to requests that are generated by the business groups within that department. This team also translates requirements of the business into technical specifications for the team of development (Braglia and Frosolini 2014). The team of development mainly develops, maintains and designs applications. These applications contain a total of 27 mainframe systems and 35 personal computer systems. In order to maintain all the hardware and software communications the department mainly spends just about $1 million (Too and Weaver 2014). Production assistance unit includes control of manufacture, help desk of MIS, center for consumer support and unit of security services. This unit also oversees the processing of the departments nightly production of 275 jobs and the jobs that are processed off-site at the state data processing center. On the other hand, help desk of MSI supports all systems users by providing technical solutions. According to Svejvig and Andersen (2015), in the year of 1995, MIS help desk was responsible for responding to more than 8,000 telephone calls and nearly 500 in store requests. Consumer support centers mainly give away training and support related to personal computers to all departmental employees. Unit of security services provides safety clearance to the departments WAN and LAN (Menzies et al. 2013). Organizational structure and design The department works under the supervision of the commissioner who is appointed by the state governor. When a project begins, deputy commissioner reports to the commissioner who also belongs from the field of Eligibility Operations just like the commissioner. All other four divisions of the department that are mentioned above are the responsibility of assistance commissioners. Assistance Commissioners report to deputy commissioner. However, some times, assistant commissioners also report to the commissioner directly. Commissioners and deputy commissioners are normally appointed within the organization itself. However, assistant commissioners are appointed from outside of the organization and have no previous experience in social services (Pitsis et al. 2014). In the year of 1993, the organization recruited a tiny group of contractors to help plan the project. In case of the department side, the group that was responsible for the planning for planning included senior managers and project managers. The CASE tool was utilized in order to capture the goal of the project, critical factors for achievement and organization-wide data and process model. The scope of the project was described; however, it did not take into account any projected costs or comparisons with the approved budget. On the other hand, the Assistant Commissioner did not even hire software architects and data architects and for this reason the preliminary data model was never tested properly or never undergoes any quality assurance process (Unger et al. 2012). Need for redesign With the initial structure the social workers faced tremendous dilemmas in their operational activities. The major issues that have been identified are the repeated cultivation of the ever changing policies so that they can efficiently identify the eligibility of any individual in terms of receiving benefit. Therefore, it can be observed that the initial structure was immensely time consuming as well as tiring for the social workers (Bowers and Khorakian 2014). The case study effectively identifies that the initial problems with the structure critically limited the ability of the social workers with regards to service provision to general populace. With the ever rising complexities of the policies, the significance of the initial structure gradually became obsolete. In this context, the service providers exclusively needed a certain degree of automation. Considering this particular facet the division required to make the system more capable. This particular stress-free environment would be highly helpful for them as they would be able to track client contacts with more easily. In addition to that, the system needed to be able to calculate the financial benefit with less support and greater efficiency. Although the effort of the division came fruitful as they got access of bridging networks of systems, the systems were highly backdated and difficult (Teller and Kock 2013). The basic programs of the system was designed and documented in a very poor fashion. Therefore, the social worker came to face similar problems with the existing system. In addition to that, the updating activity with the simple policy change along with the continuous maintenance became another major issue of the social workers. Therefore, it is evident that the division was in dire need of redesigning of the structure. Part 2 Project vision The main vision of the project was to put into practice a multilevel client-server architecture that would not depend on the mainframe computers of the state. The organization wanted to develop multi level client-server architecture in order to develop an approach that includes a client and a number of servers that are connected with each other through a single network and special software. As this architecture is extremely helpful in developing a communication between client and server, the organization expected that it would provide the most flexible framework for using technologies. In figure 3, an example of multi level server where the server includes Database Management System (DBMS) sever and application server (Zeng et al. 2015). Project goals The project was executed to meet some requirements of the organization. Those requirements or goals are hereby mentioned below, It was expected that after the successful completion of the project, all beneficial calculations related to the departments policies and procedures will be done. DTA also expected that it would minimize or eliminate the risk of errors substantiality (Reich, Gemino and Sauer 2012). The project was also expected to allow the social workers to provide single point of contact to clients. Social workers would be able to do that as they would be able figure out eligibility of all programs. It was also expected that reporting would be enhanced by allowing the department to access important information that could implement cost savings and maximization of revenue. After the project, the department was expected to provide a better financial accountability along with improved knowledge in response to advocate challenges and court reviews. Through the project, the organization wanted to have an improved and enhanced boundary with the states Medical Agencys knowledge system along with the states Revenue Departments Child Support System (Chih and Zwikael 2015). Another foremost goal of the project was to make possible direct deposits and electronic advantage relocate. Project scope The project scope was to automate more than 60% o the departments processes and implementing an upgraded database that can include more than 70% of the departments data. Another scope of the project was to deliver an incorporated process and data model that can become handy for issuing a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the purpose of design and establishment of the project within a certain period which is eleven months (Pritchard and PMP 2014). Project structure and staffing The project structure was developed in a way that before Broad Agency Announcement all the project members can be trained in the information method by using ADW (Active Data Warehousing) CASE tool. However, the structure of the project had some flaws and as a result the project did not have required staffing. It was required to have an encyclopedia manager to monitor and manage the nine BAA CASE tool encyclopedias and to establish an organization wide encyclopedia. Later in the year of 1993, first encyclopedia manager was hired. However, until 1994, data architect was not hired (Valitov and Sirazetdinova 2014). The organization made sure that the data architect who was hired had ample amount of experience in data modeling. However, it was required to hire another second data architect. Thus, the organization recruited another data architect who had MBA in MIS and worked for the department in the past. This second data architect was trained about data modeling in a very short period of time. Later in November of 1994, an application architect was hired. However, just like the other applicant, he also realized that the process model was a muddle. The project was such a mess that contractors who were hired as facilitators ran the BAAs. Only the facilitator got the opportunity to work on a project that was somehow similar near the scale of the project (Fernndez-Diego 2013). Part 3 Process analysis People who were working to monitor the BAAs were expected to deliver CASE tool encyclopedias that included an integrated process and data model. Besides, a number of sub-phases were also expected to publish as formal documents. The organization added lots of documents such as pre-scope document, document related to data model, document for final evaluation, an introduction design capacity document and a preliminary design document. Documentation amenities related to the CASE tool were extremely cumbersome and slow. Normal documents were from about 50 pages to 100 pages which were evidently quite big. However, some other documents were even bigger and as a result; users were unable to read them properly. In spite of being lengthy and big, the staff was pressured to develop all the documents within the time which was only 1 day for each document. As a result, contractors had to extra 10-20 hours a week in order to develop all the models and documents. On the other hand, the assistant c ommissioner absolutely refused to provide any overtime for extra payment for during the project (Hillson and Simon 2012). Encyclopedias inspected and revealed documents that included the models according to their quality. Those models were mainly ranged from completely unusable to partially usable for design. Technical director of the organization asked that the models must be fixed between a certain times which was another hectic job to do. On the other hand, BAA02 which was the Eligibility Determination business area constantly made a poor progress. As a result, the project management team became concerned as this part of the business was the root of the project. The project management team thought that as the main portion of the project is going slow, the entire project will be affected (Marcelino-Sdaba et al. 2014). When the project progressed it became evident that the estimations that were taken were actually far from reality. However, when the schedules were offered to the executive staff it exhibited that all the tasks except BAA02 was completed within the schedule. Besides, on the other hand, the quality of the models and impractical estimations started to impact negatively on most of the project staff. Motivation of the employees started to fall down. In the end, it was seen that the organization lost almost 30% of its staff within one and half year. These challenges and problems of the project mostly affected the newer project members. These newer project members were comparatively new and most of them had a normal and formal education in system development process (Teller, Kock and Gemnden 2014). Role of request for proposal Request for proposal (RFP) was released in 1994 with a purpose of choosing a vendor who will sign a contract in order to provide a pilot application by November 1996. In the RFP, it was mentioned that a fixed-price contract will be signed by the winning vendor. However, later it was revealed that this fixed-price contract was only the two third portion of the total procedure. The winner had to undergo a scoring mechanism. This scoring mechanism was mostly based on whether the contractor had any previous FAMIS development experience or not. This system was also implemented to understand whether this vendor have done this type of architecture in the past or not (Karlsen et al. 2015). On January 31, 1995, the organization received two proposals, where both of the vendors were two of the largest IT consulting firms in the world. Both those farms had the experience of delivering FAMIS system recently. On the other hand, one of those vendors suggested absolutely same solution that the organization was looking for. However, the other vendor suggested that changes must be done in mainframe system. Both the departments knew that the organization will spend a fix amount of $32 million for the project. Vendor who had a slightly lower bid won the contract. However, during official communication with the winning vendor, the project management team of the organization decided to hide that the analysis models were being changed for that the vendors bid for. As result, the winning vendors lost their room for interpretation. The project management team also made sure that no project personnel can communicate with the winning vendor in order to keep the information secret (Telle r and Kock 2013). Process design and rectifications As a first step of the project, a project office was leased near the main office of the department. Design process was started to develop in August 1995. Right after the beginning of process design, contractor of information technology realized that he is working on a changed data model and a poor quality method model. Therefore, the project manager of the department and technical director asked the application architect of the department to figure out a fix for the process model. It was estimated that to fix the current model it would take nearly thousand hours. However, all the senior management personnel of the department expected that the winning vendor will use their own analysts in the fixing method (Cagliano, Grimaldi and Rafele 2015). Measuring progress/benchmarks The entire project has been conducted through lots of ups and downs as well as several major phases. The entire progression of the project has marked several benchmarks, which are most crucial for the success of the project. First of all the initial step was the declaration of Federal Government to be spending a prestigious amount of funding on FAMIS system in the year of 1992. The next major step was employing small group of contractors to facilitate a robust planning of the project including significant set of goals, assumptions as well as scope of the project (Pekkinen and Aaltonen 2015). After that, the project has been staffed with trained employees including encyclopedia manger, data architect as well as application architect. The next step was the analysis step which included developing numerous sub-phase oriented lengthy documents such as pre-scope document, pre-design scope document, as well as pre-design document. The final step of the analysis phase was entailed with the submitting a request for proposal (Dey 2012). The contractor has been employed to provide a FAMIS certified certificate in 20 million dollars. However, due to misleading activities of department the working relationship between the vendor and the department got poisonous. As a result, the vendor nullified the contract after a long negotiation as well as bitterness. After nullification of these contracts the department made a second contract with new contractors in the year of 1996. The core application of the department is being developed by Forte at the current date. Part 4: Dealing with failure and external IT firms It has been effectively identified from the case study that the department had no contingency plan in case of dealing with the external IT firms. The department had no prior experiment to work with the external solution firm. In addition to that, it has been also identified that the management of the project has been downright misleading from the very beginning of the contract with the external IT vendor. As the project development process had no transparency the confusion as well as bitterness started to rise from very early period. The long period of working eventually reduced the employee strength up to 30% of the initial strength. In response to the departments misleading activities, the vendors also stopped to cooperate with the department. As an end result, the entire project developing activity turned out to be a battlefield of ego between the departments and vendors. Both the parties are least interested to resolve the issues. In addition to that, the department intentionally did not cooperate to produce an effective communication channel (Hopkinson 2012). Therefore, after long bitterness the contract development project had been nullified and the department faced severe challenges of low morality. In this context, the department has wasted a long time to employ second contractors. In addition to that, they were not also interested to stay on their previous goal. They did not identify the major problem which was lack of transparency as well as the communication channel (Kendrick 2015). They attempted to initiate their system issue with second graded reusable solution. It can be easily observed that the activities considering the interaction with external firms as well as crucial challenges were immensely unprofessional and irrelevant. Barriers and enablers of effective process analysis and design It was expected that, when the system would be fully developed, it will automatically shut down the old mainframe computers and will be able to use the system to respond to the changes of the policy. However, the main barriers of this project management system will be seen when staffs will be unable to use this new system as they have no training related to it. Therefore, it is important that the contractors should deliver a recognized and maintainable design and accomplishment. However, it is also true that it will not be easy to maintain the system unless MIS staff is not trained in object-oriented designs with the help from outsourcing organization. Therefore, the risk is high that the organization is going to replace an old maintainable system with an unmentionable new system (Bowers and Khorakian 2014). Lessons learnt and path for future From the entire project which is learnt through the case study, it is evident that the organization had no contingency plans for enduring the project after division of the relationship with the first contractor (Hopkinson 2012). All the project work was stopped while the departments management pondered the next step. The situation was extremely critical; however, the organization continued to give pressure to resume the project growth. In the end of the project, a lot of information was found from where the organization can learn a lot of things and can clear their path for future project (Zhao, Hwang and Phng 2014). Those things are hereby mentioned below. It was found that the process that was used for the project was extremely undependable. The project was committing to a budget based only on superficial look atadditional state systems. On the other hand, most of the budget was exhausted in the early stage of the project and there was no plan B to deal with such troubles. In the future, if the organization wants to redevelop this project, then they will have to establish a risk management plan initially to deal with unexpected problems. It will not only allow the company to save time and money but will also help the project management team to execute the project without any worry (Dey 2012). On the other hand, the eleven months schedule was extremely unrealistic. The MIS group was true forced to complete a task under an extremely aggressive schedule where they had no experience at all about how to use information engineering methodology. If the organization could implement an independent assessment of the schedule then they could identify many tasks that were not possible to complete within the given schedule (Tysiak 2014). Besides, it was also seen that the department had serious problems while retaining qualified technical people. However, it is known that this type of situation is extremely common in the Government. However, the department took several actions to deal with this situation that exacerbated the retention problem (Manotas-Nio et al. 2015). On the other hand, department stopped to recruit system architect and data architect that caused more issues in the project. In order to make the project a successful one in the future, the department will have to upgrade their recruitment system so that qualified and experienced people can join the organization for the purpose of the project (Alhawari et al. 2012). For any project the most important method is risk management process. Through the case study, it is seen that the department absolutely had no risk management plan in their project management. On the other hand, the users received no warnings about any potential downfall (Kendrick 2015). In the project, problems related to RFP evaluation criteria also existed. RFP tried their best to gather past information o the vendors whoever, this principle was not enough to achieve the goals. The goal was to figure out whether the key personnel were actively connected to the similar project or not and whether those projects were a success or not. However, they could only figure out the participation and could not figure out whether it was a success or not. This must be changed in the future by collecting more information about the vendors. The department will have to find out that participating vendors have worked under a successful project or not (Pekkinen and Aaltonen 2015). The project was never given an administrator permission to put an industry reengineering course in place. In place of that, the project actually got do what you can do type of orders from the commissioner. The most negative factor in the process was its informality. No one was there to monitor the enterprise-wide level of business methods that were paramount for an optimal reengineering effort. As a result, a lot of time was lost while doing negotiations between different business functions (Rabechini Junior and Monteiro de Carvalho 2013). Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that the organization while doing the project took everything for granted and did not implement proper strategies. The organization did not hire qualified and experienced employees and architects in the company for managing the project. They hired vendors for managing the projects also; however they decided not to reveal system problems that existed in the organization. Their systems were flawed and they changed the system without telling anything about it to the vendors and this created more problems. On the other hand, the schedules that were created as estimated time for completing each work in a project were too narrow to complete. It was impossible for the project team to complete the tasks within that time frame. Besides, the management of the organization never thought that the new system will be a headache for the employees as they had no idea about this new system. The management did not implement any training session in the organization to ed ucate the staffs about the new system. They also did not ask any external organization to do the same for them. Therefore, it was inevitable that the employees will not be able to maintain the system in the initial stages and in turn the management will face several issues related to it. Therefore it can be said that DTA could not implement proper strategies and support to its vendors to complete the project in a successful manner. References Alhawari, S., Karadsheh, L., Talet, A.N. and Mansour, E., 2012. Knowledge-based risk management framework for information technology project.International Journal of Information Management,32(1), pp.50-65. Binder, J., 2016.Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders. CRC Press. Bowers, J. and Khorakian, A., 2014. Integrating risk management in the innovation project.European Journal of Innovation Management,17(1), pp.25-40. Braglia, M. and Frosolini, M., 2014. An integrated approach to implement project management information systems within the extended enterprise.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.18-29. Cagliano, A.C., Grimaldi, S. and Rafele, C., 2015. Choosing project risk management techniques. A theoretical framework.Journal of Risk Research,18(2), pp.232-248. Chia, R., 2013. Paradigms and perspectives in organizational project management research: implications for knowledge creation.Novel Approaches to Organizational Project Management Research: Translational and Transformational. Copenhagen Business School Press, Copenhagen, pp.33-55. Chih, Y.Y. and Zwikael, O., 2015. Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.352-362. Dey, P.K., 2012. Project risk management using multiple criteria decision-making technique and decision tree analysis: a case study of Indian oil refinery.Production Planning Control,23(12), pp.903-921. Fernndez-Diego, M., 2013. Project Risk Management. InProject Management for Environmental, Construction and Manufacturing Engineers(pp. 75-90). Springer Netherlands. Grefen, P., Pernici, B. and Snchez, G. eds., 2012.Database support for workflow management: the WIDE project(Vol. 491). Springer Science Business Media. Hillson, D. and Simon, P., 2012.Practical project risk management: The ATOM methodology. Management Concepts Inc.. Hopkinson, M.M., 2012.The project risk maturity model: measuring and improving risk management capability. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Kaiser, M.G., El Arbi, F. and Ahlemann, F., 2015. Successful project portfolio management beyond project selection techniques: Understanding the role of structural alignment.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.126-139. Karlsen, J.T., Folke-Olsen, O. and Torvatn, T., 2015. Project risk management: use and benefit of various tools.Transportation Systems and Engineering: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications, IGI Global, Hershey, Pennslyvania, pp.250-271. Kendrick, T., 2015.Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Manotas-Nio, V., Clermont, P., Geneste, L. and Halabi, A.X., 2015, October. Towards a model of integration between Risk Management and Lesson Learning system for Project Management. InIndustrial Engineering and Systems Management (IESM), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1179-1185). IEEE. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A.M.E. and Villanueva, P., 2014. Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.327-340. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A.M.E. and Villanueva, P., 2014. Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.327-340. Meng, X., 2012. The effect of relationship management on project performance in construction.International journal of project management,30(2), pp.188-198. Menzies, T., Brady, A., Keung, J., Hihn, J., Williams, S., El-Rawas, O., Green, P. and Boehm, B., 2013. Learning project management decisions: a case study with case-based reasoning versus data farming.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,39(12), pp.1698-1713. Pekkinen, L. and Aaltonen, K., 2015. Risk management in project networks: an information processing view.Technology and Investment,6(1), p.52. Pitsis, T.S., Sankaran, S., Gudergan, S. and Clegg, S.R., 2014. Governing projects under complexity: theory and practice in project management.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1285-1290. Pritchard, C.L. and PMP, P.R., 2014.Risk management: concepts and guidance. CRC Press. Rabechini Junior, R. and Monteiro de Carvalho, M., 2013. Understanding the impact of project risk management on project performance: an empirical study.Journal of technology management innovation,8, pp.6-6. Reich, B.H., Gemino, A. and Sauer, C., 2012. Knowledge management and project-based knowledge in it projects: A model and preliminary empirical results.International Journal of Project Management,30(6), pp.663-674. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Teller, J. and Kock, A., 2013. An empirical investigation on how portfolio risk management influences project portfolio success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.817-829. Teller, J., Kock, A. and Gemnden, H.G., 2014. Risk management in project portfolios is more than managing project risks: A contingency perspective on risk management.Project Management Journal,45(4), pp.67-80. Teller, J., Kock, A. and Gemnden, H.G., 2014. Risk management in project portfolios is more than managing project risks: A contingency perspective on risk management.Project Management Journal,45(4), pp.67-80. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394. Tysiak, W., 2014. A deeper insight in some effects in project risk management.International Journal of Computing,13(4), pp.214-220. Unger, B.N., Kock, A., Gemnden, H.G. and Jonas, D., 2012. Enforcing strategic fit of project portfolios by project termination: An empirical study on senior management involvement.International Journal of Project Management,30(6), pp.675-685. Valitov, S.M. and Sirazetdinova, A.Z., 2014. Project risks' management model on an industrial entreprise.Asian Social Science,10(21), p.242. Zeng, S.X., Tam, C.M. and Tam, V.W., 2015. Integrating safety, environmental and quality risks for project management using a FMEA method.Engineering Economics,66(1). Zhao, X., Hwang, B.G. and Phng, W., 2014. Construction project risk management in Singapore: resources, effectiveness, impact, and understanding.KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,18(1), pp.27-36.

National Systems of Entrepreneurship Measurement issues

Questions: 1. Craft a brief (1-2 pages) strategy for a business concept that would directly compete with the small business you selected. Explain the rationale for the strategy in detail. 2. Determine if it would make more sense to open the new business you describe or to purchase the existing business you selected. Explain your reasoning. 3. Discuss the most appropriate form of ownership for your new business (assuming your current financial situation). 4. Outline a business plan for your business. Visit https://www.sba.gov for tools and templates. ? Answers: Introduction: The cafe and restaurant sector of USA is occupied by both small as well as large organisations. However demand of customers in this market is still high. It indicates that opening a cafe in USA market will be profitable. The current paper contains discussion on business strategies for running a store in USA market. The paper also contains discussion on business strategies of 12 Corners coffee, a New York City based cafe. However the paper also contains outline of the business plan for running a cafe in New York City. 1. Strategy for business concept to compete with chosen organisation: 12 Corners Coffee is one of the most visited cafes in New York City. Management of the organisation gives importance on providing innovative product to the customers. However the management offers only coffee based products to customers. Customers of the new business can be provided with new deserts, cakes and pastries. The visitors of 12 Corners Coffee do not get opportunities for outdoor seating. In new business, the visitors will also be provided with opportunities for outdoor seating. Rationale for the strategy: The strategy of introducing new deserts and cakes will be effective for attracting children to the cafe. However the opportunity for outdoor seating will also be effective to attract all types of visitors. 2. Opening new business/ purchasing existing business: As the cafe and restaurant industry of New York City is highly profitable, competition among organisations is also high (Bosma, 2013). The industry comprises of both small cafes as well as large multinational organisations. Starting a new business in this industry may not be effective to earn high profit as availability of substitute products is also high (Bosma, 2013). 12 corners coffee is one of the most popular cafes in New York City. Acquiring an organisation will reduce the cost of setting new infrastructure (Chwolka Raith, 2012). However management of the new organisation will be able to utilize infrastructure of acquired business (Decker, Haltiwanger, Jarmin Miranda, 2014). Form of ownership: Analysis on strategy of new business indicates that the management is giving importance on acquiring 12 Corners Coffee. However partnership with existing owners of the organisation will be developed to run the cafe. As level of competition in market is very high, retaining customers will be difficult. Involving several partners with the business will enable the management to reduce risk (Hechavarria, Renko Matthews, 2011). Apart from this development of partnership will also be effective to lower the start up costs (Lind, 2012).It is evident that development of partnership will be more suitable to run the business. Outlining Business plan: Cover page: Company Name: 12 Corners Coffee Name of Owner: City: New York City State: New York Zip code: 10013 Executive summary: Company: 12 Corners Coffees Products and services: Coffee, Espresso, Latte, Cappuccino and other drinks Audience and target customer: Young people, working professionals, Teen agers, family Future of business and industry: Although competition is very high in small cafe market in New York City, demand for such cafes is also high (cs, Autio Szerb, 2014). It indicates that running a cafe in New York City will be profitable. Company Description: Key employees of business: CEO (I), store managers, cooks Mission statement: We offer customers with extra ordinary cafe experience along with superior products Details about product and services: Currently we offer coffee, espresso, latte, ice-coffee and other drink to customers. In future we will offer cakes and pastries to other customers. Qualities for success: We offer fresh products to customers. However we also give importance on offering innovative products to visitors. Market research: Description of industry: The cafe industry of New York City is highly competitive. Several small coffee shops such as Abraco , Blue Bottle Coffee, Cafe Grumpy along with large multinational cafe chains such as Starbucks (Mariotti Glackin, 2013, Romn, Congregado Milln, 2013). Description of larger customer: At 12 corners coffee, mainly teen agers and young adults are focused. However the families and children will also be given importance. Identification of competitors: The competitors of 12 Corners Coffee are both small firms as well as large multinationals. Competitors of the Cafe include Abraco, Blue Bottle Coffee, Cafe Grumpy, Joe the Art of Coffee etc. However the organisation also needs to compete with large multinational organisations such as Starbucks. Competitive advantages: At 12 Corners Coffee, the customers are offered with fresh and innovative products. Along with traditional coffee, espresso and ice coffee, the customers of 12 Corners Coffee is also offered with innovative products such as Ice Pumpkin Pie Latte. Offering customers with innovative products of high quality enables 12 Corners Coffee to remain competitive in market. .3. Legal requirements impacting company and business: Product / Service line: Detailed description of product: At 12 corners coffee currently products made from coffee such as latte, cappuccino, espresso and ice coffee are sold. These products are manufactured at the cafe. In future customers of the cafe will also be provided with frozen desserts, cakes and pastries. The products which are going to be included in menu of 12 corners coffee will be prepared by chefs of the cafe. Raw materials required for making the products will be supplied by local suppliers. Pricing structure: Currently price of the products are kept low so that sale of the product among target customers increase. Meeting needs of customers: At 12 Corners Coffee, the management ensures that customers are being provided with relaxing environment. The management will also ensure that the customers are getting fresh and high quality products. Benefits of product and service: The products offered by 12 Corners Coffee is available at lower prices. However the cafe also offers innovative drinks to customers. The customers are benefitted as they get fresh and tasty drinks at lower costs. Competitive advantage: The cafe industry of New York City is mainly occupied by several small and large cafes (Renko, Kroeck Bullough, 2011). The management of 12 Corners coffee gives importance on introduction of new products. It enables the organisation to remain competitive in market. Current development stage: The organisation is currently operating in cafe industry of New York City. However the new products are launched on experimental basis. If these products are accepted by customers, cafe management will introduce these products on larger scale. Intellectual property rights: As the cafe industry of New York City is highly competitive, management of 12 Corners Coffee will give importance on protecting their unique recipes such as Ice pumpkin pie latte. Research and development activities: The management will give importance on introducing new items in menu. The research and development activities will be based on making new drinks from coffee. Marketing and sales: Plans to grow: Although currently only coffee based products are available at 12 Corners coffee, later the management will introduce new desserts. Currently only two stores are available in New York City. Number of cafes will also be increased later. Size of the cafe will be increased so that sitting arrangements can be done outside of the restaurant also. Communication strategy with customers: Financial projection: The financial projection focuses on the companys financial position. This can be done by analyzing the financial statements, which involve the balance sheet statements, income statements and cash flow statements. It helps in explaining the financial stability of the company, which can be measured, from its profit position, capital structure, and asset liability proportion and cash availability. Profit and loss analysis: Income Statement (All amounts in thousands) Particulars Year 1 $ Year 2 $ Year 3 $ Sales $ 12,000 $ 16,000 $ 20,000 CGS $ 5,000 $ 7,000 $ 8,000 G P $ 7,000 $ 9,000 $ 12,000 Operating Expenses $ 4,200 $ 5,300 $ 6,400 Salary Expenses $ 600 $ 800 $ 900 Office Expenses $ 600 $ 700 $ 800 Maintenance Expenses $ 500 $ 700 $ 800 Rent Expenses $ 700 $ 900 $ 1,200 Payroll Expenses $ 500 $ 600 $ 700 Accounting Expenses $ 600 $ 700 $ 800 Legal Expenses $ 400 $ 500 $ 600 Telephone Charges $ 300 $ 400 $ 600 Operating Income/ EBIDT $ 2,800 $ 3,700 $ 5,600 Depreciation and Amortization $ 600 $ 800 $ 1,000 EBIT $ 2,200 $ 2,900 $ 4,600 Interest $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 EBT $ 1,900 $ 2,500 $ 4,100 Tax $ 200 $ 500 $ 800 EAT $ 1,700 $ 2,000 $ 3,300 CGS is the cost of goods sold. GP is the gross profit. EBIDT is earnings before interest, depreciation and tax. EBIT is earnings before interest and tax. EBT is earnings before tax. EAT or PAT is earnings after tax or profit after tax. PAT is the net profit. Cash flow projection: Cash flow (All amounts in thousands) Particulars Pre Startup EST Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total Item EST Cash on hand $ 4,200 $ 4,800 $ 4,850 $ 4,350 $ 3,300 Cash Receipts Cash Sales $ 2,300 $ 2,400 $ 2,500 $ 2,600 $ 2,700 Cash Collections $ 1,800 $ 1,900 $ 2,000 $ 2,100 $ 2,200 Loan $ 1,700 $ 1,800 $ 1,900 $ 2,000 $ 2,100 Total Cash Receipts $ 5,800 $ 6,100 $ 6,400 $ 6,700 $ 7,000 Total Cash Available $ 10,000 $ 10,900 $ 11,250 $ 11,050 $ 10,300 Cash Paid Out Purchases $ 500 $ 550 $ 600 $ 650 $ 700 Gross Wages $ 200 $ 250 $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 Supplies $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 $ 450 $ 500 Maintenance $ 500 $ 550 $ 600 $ 650 $ 700 Advertising $ 400 $ 450 $ 500 $ 550 $ 600 Legal Accounting $ 400 $ 450 $ 500 $ 550 $ 600 Insurance $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 $ 450 $ 500 Tax $ 200 $ 250 $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 Interest $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 $ 450 $ 500 Rent $ 200 $ 250 $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 Telephone $ 200 $ 250 $ 300 $ 350 $ 400 Subtotal $ 3,500 $ 4,050 $ 4,600 $ 5,150 $ 5,700 Loan payment $ 700 $ 800 $ 900 $ 1,000 $ 1,100 Other Costs (Startup) $ 400 $ 500 $ 600 $ 700 $ 800 Capital Purchase $ 600 $ 700 $ 800 $ 900 $ 1,000 Total Cash Paid Out $ 5,200 $ 6,050 $ 6,900 $ 7,750 $ 8,600 End cash Value $ 4,800 $ 4,850 $ 4,350 $ 3,300 $ 1,700 Projected balance sheet Balance Sheet (All amounts in thousands) Particulars Start Date Value End Date Value Cash in Bank $ 4,200.00 $ 3,300.00 Assets Inventory $ 500.00 $ 400.00 Deposits $ 800.00 $ 700.00 Accounts Receivables $ 800.00 $ 500.00 Total Current Assets $ 2,100.00 $ 1,600.00 Machines Equipment $ 2,000.00 $ 1,500.00 Land Buildings $ 2,000.00 $ 1,700.00 Total Fixed Assets $ 4,000.00 $ 3,200.00 Total Assets $ 6,100.00 $ 4,800.00 Liabilities Equity Interest Payable $ 300.00 $ 200.00 Current Debt $ 800.00 $ 600.00 Accounts Payable $ 600.00 $ 400.00 Current Liabilities $ 1,700.00 $ 1,200.00 Bank Loans $ 1,000.00 $ 800.00 Long term Borrowings $ 800.00 $ 700.00 Other Debts $ 800.00 $ 600.00 Fixed Liabilities $ 2,600.00 $ 2,100.00 Total Liabilities $ 4,300.00 $ 3,300.00 Equity $ 1,800.00 $ 1,500.00 4. Breakeven analysis: Particulars Fixed Costs Variable Costs % CGS $ 2,500 50% Raw Materials $ 500 20% Direct Labor $ 300 30% Salary Expenses $ 300 50% Office Expenses $ 150 75% Maintenance Expenses $ 150 70% Rent Expenses $ 280 60% Payroll Expenses $ 100 80% Accounting Expenses $ 300 50% Legal Expenses $ 200 50% Telephone Charges $ 180 40% References 12cornerscoffee.com,. (2015). 12 CORNERS COFFEE. Retrieved 8 July 2015, from https://www.12cornerscoffee.com/location.html  cs, Z., Autio, E., Szerb, L. (2014). National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43(3), 476-494. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016 Bosma, N. (2013). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Its Impact on Entrepreneurship Research. FNT In Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 143-248. doi:10.1561/0300000033 Chwolka, A., Raith, M. (2012). The value of business planning before start-up A decision-theoretical perspective. Journal Of Business Venturing, 27(3), 385-399. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.01.002 Decker, R., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R., Miranda, J. (2014). The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism . Journal Of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 3-24. doi:10.1257/jep.28.3.3 Hechavarria, D., Renko, M., Matthews, C. (2011). The nascent entrepreneurship hub: goals, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up outcomes. Small Bus Econ, 39(3), 685-701. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9355-2 Lind, P. (2012). Small business management in cross-cultural environments. New York: Routledge. Longenecker, J. (2012). Small business management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Mariotti, S., Glackin, C. (2013). Entrepreneurship. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Renko, M., Kroeck, K., Bullough, A. (2011). Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ, 39(3), 667-684. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9354-3 Romn, C., Congregado, E., Milln, J. (2013). Start-up incentives: Entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme?. Journal Of Business Venturing, 28(1), 151-175. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.01.004 Thurik, R. (2014). Entrepreneurship and the business cycle. IZA World Of Labor. doi:10.15185/izawol.90

What You Need to Know About a Sample Synthesis Essay

What You Need to Know About a Sample Synthesis EssayAfter you have read my example of a sample synthesis essay, now it is time for you to create your own sample synthesis essay. You can do this by using any of the resources that are available online. One of these resources is an online tool that allows you to look at sample essay from many different schools and professors in many different fields.One of the best tools that you can use to help you with this assignment is by looking at the open thesis websites. These types of websites will allow you to look at sample essays from other students in your school and other universities. In some cases these samples can help you review what you are writing about.Another resource that you can use to help you in writing your sample essay is by visiting any of the article directories. These types of websites will usually have a submission page where you can choose what type of sample that you would like to use. This will give you a better idea o f what type of material you will be working with when you start writing your own essay.You may find that you need some help writing your own essay. If this is the case, I would suggest that you search for college writing tutorials and writing resources online. There are many great tutorial and resource websites that you can find online that will help you out and teach you what it takes to write a good essay.Also, make sure that you take some time and think about the types of information that you want to include in your sample synthesis essay. There are some great sites that will allow you to ask any questions that you may have by simply completing a survey. This will give you an idea of what type of information you want to include in your paper.After you have finished creating your own sample synthesis essay, you can then begin the process of submitting it to your school. Before you submit it to your school, you should always make sure that you check with them to make sure that they do not have any type of restriction on the format of your paper. There are some instances where the format of your paper will be refused and you will not be able to continue with your assignment.There are also sites that allow you to use a different template for each school department. This will give you the chance to test the waters to see if they will accept the type of template that you use. Of course this does not mean that you will be able to use all templates for each individual school.Hopefully now you have had a chance to view the way to create a synthetic essay. It is no secret that writing an essay is very similar to writing a novel. The only difference is that instead of just writing a few sentences it will be a whole manuscript.

Mexican Politics, Culture and Drug Wars

Table of Contents Introduction Politics Culture Drug wars Conclusion References Introduction Mexico is a democratic country, whose democracy arose from the elections conducted in 2000, which brought about sharing of power in the government and a more transparent nation. Proliferation and forwarding of agendas by strong grassroots organizations to the forefront of political interests has rubbed the authorities the wrong way.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Mexican Politics, Culture and Drug Wars specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The democracy change increased the labor unions in the country. However, majority of these labor unions are co-opted by the government although the independent ones have become vigorous in protests. Despite the welcoming news of a democratic state and transparent elections, more still needs to be done to straighten up the moral, political and social decay that have engulf the c ountry. Corruption in institutions, weak judicial system, drug wars and the disparity between the rich and the poor are just but a few of the complex problems that are facing Mexico, and whose solutions are yet to be found. Moreover, social movements have arisen from strident voices that test the government’s commitment to change (Foster, 2010, p 241,242) Foster suggested that political assassinations, uprisings, and high levels of corruptions are some of the factors that siphoned the country’s energy despite the country pushing for democracy (Foster, 2010, p 223). Politics The 10-year civil war of Mexico that lasted from 1910 to 1920 is believed to be the key that opened up the doors to the new constitution of 1917. It is approximated that more than 2 million people died because of the war. New political structures were created and the birth of mestizo nation was delivered. The revolution that started at that time destroyed feudalism as labor unions were created, and in addition to this, the revolution gave the people a sense of belonging and pride for their own culture which was referred to as mexicandad (Foster, 2010, p 161) In the 1980s, the Mexican economy was contracting by 6% annually due to international debts. Upon negotiations, the Mexican government committed 53% o its federal budget to the repayment of the debt. This meant no economic growth was to be expected in Mexico in the following decades. The fallouts both politically and socially were enormous; indeed, this period is stated to be the most demoralizing period in Mexican history as majority of Mexicans suffered due to increase to food prices (Foster, 2010, p 215)Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The PRI party had been the ruling party and in 1988, it faced its first challenge politically from Carlos Salinas de Gortari. The country during that time was facing recession and the IMF due to repayments of debts undertook its fortunes. Support for the PRI party decreased from populist groups as clamor for democracy went a notch higher and criticisms mounted by the public on PRI took toll when one key member o//74f the party abandons the party. PRI party later won the presidency amid calls of rigging (Foster, 2010, p 223-224). The first president who was not a member of PRI was elected in July 2, 2000 in an election that was termed as a transparent and democratic. The PRI members cried foul as they fought amongst themselves. The results were declared as Mexico’s victory as they ushered in democracy in Mexico. Although the PRI party had been defeated, it was thanks to the combined efforts of the opposition parties (Foster, 2010, p 242) The politics of Mexico however have been clouded by corruption brought about by the drug cartels. Raul Salinas, the brother to the former president of Mexico is said to have been arrested because of his participation i n the covering up of Ruiz Massieu’s murder. His access to his brother made many to believe that the president was involved in one way or the other. This just indicated how far the levels of corruption could spread within the Mexican politics (Kirkwood, 2010, p 202) Culture The aesthetic realm and the culture in politics are the two cultural complexes that attract foreigners to Mexico. The philosophers and the intellectuals of the nineteenth century were obsessed with the fascinating combination of barbarism and civilization (Henderson, Joseph, 2002, p1). According to Joseph and Henderson, the murals painted on walls of public ministries and the evocative woodcuts of Posada, were all a powerful appeal to tourists (Henderson, Joseph, 2002, p2). Mexico being an extraordinary and unique country has the potential of shedding light on major problems facing it as a developing country once its culture, history, and politics have been examined (Henderson, Joseph, 2002, p4). The Spania rd are said to have introduced new races in Mexico in the course of their colonization. An example of these races was the usage of the Blacks and the Indians to create a race. This mixture of races contradicted the ultimate goals of history of attaining cultures and fusion of people. Joseph and Henderson continue to state that by constructing an English world and doing away with the Indians to have a Northern Europe filled with Whites is one way of combating race (Henderson, Joseph, 2002, p17). Religious cultures and cults are also part of the Mexican way of living. It stated that any Mexican Catholic is focused on the cult of the virgin of Guadalupe. The symbolic meaning this conquest of the two gods meant indicated to the faithful that they should return to their ancient feminine deities (Henderson, Joseph, 2002, p24, 25).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Mexican Politics, Culture and Drug Wars specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Westernization of the Indians was termed as contradictory. This is because a clear line had to be drawn between the colonized and the colonizers. The colonial domination would have ceased to be if the Indians were to be fully incorporated into westernization; indeed, difference and segregation are termed as the basics of colonization. In the nineteenth century, the birth of an independent Mexico state was directed along the path of civilization. Moreover, the independent nation was culturally homogenous when it was conceived (Henderson, Joseph, 2002, p30). At the end of the Revolution, the new political leaders sought ways of unifying the various ethnic groups of Mexico into a national project. In Mexico, ethnicity is basically defined by the culture and not biological; by use of linguistic it has been found that there is approximately 60 different Indian ethnic groups in Mexico thus making their incorporation difficult (Buffington, Pasztor, Coerver, 2004, p17). Drug wars Drug trafficking has been a hot topic in Mexico both domestically and internationally. Although the drug trafficking was a problem in the twentieth century, it escalated even more in the twenty-first century. It is stated that as early as the 1920s, some Mexican workers located southwest in U.S. were associated with the use of marijuana. In addition to this, Mexico produced heroin and was shipment point for other drugs. U.S. drug agents were said to be operating in Mexico informally from as early as 1940s, while growing demand of drugs in the U.S. escalated the drug trafficking in1960s thus causing a concern to Mexico both internationally and domestically. In the long run, the drug trafficking complicated issues like trade and immigration. The â€Å"operation intercept† that was a detail inspection conducted by the U.S. officials on vehicles crossing the international boundary resulted into chaos thus forcing the Mexican government to resolve to a permanent wa r on drugs. Despite efforts put in place by both the U.S and Mexican governments, the drug trade thrived in the 1980s (Buffington, Pasztor, Coerver, 2004, p145). Increase in consumption of drugs in Mexico and drug related corruption in the law enforcement and political scenes led the country in the verge of being branded a â€Å"narco state.† The drug trade took a completely new level with the death of cardinal Ocampo in1993, who had condemned the drug trade and the assassination of Colosio, the presidency candidate of the official party, in1994.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Involvement of key political persons in drug trafficking was evident in the investigation of Raul Salinas: the older brother of the former president of Mexico Carlos Salina. The investigation upon conclusion in 1998 indicated that part of the money owed by Raul was associated with drug pay-offs (Buffington, Pasztor, Coerver, 2004, p146, 147) Military involvement in curbing the drug trafficking has not yield much success as incidents of bribe taking are evident. Optimistic officials both in the U.S. and in Mexico concur that the war on drugs is far from being won. This is due to the shifting of bases and routes by the drug cartels resulting from pressure from the authorities. One thing that is clear is that drug trafficking will continue to be a menace even in the twenty-first century (Buffington, Pasztor, Coerver, 2004, p 147) Kirkwood indicates that violence in the state of Durango has escalated and murder has increased, with 235 murders reported between January and May the year 20 09. The fighting between the various drug cartels caused these murders and violence. However, the alarming issue is that the federals that are entitled with the responsibility of curbing this menace are having a life span of six months before they are corrupted by the drug cartels. The level of corruption is evident from the arrests conducted in May 2009 of 27 government officials, a police chief, 10 mayors, a judge, and a former police chief. Power, influence, and resources are some of the factors that drug cartels have over authorities, which is evident from the escapes that have been propagated by the drug cartels. The astonishing issue is that the drug trade has penetrated the Catholic Church with allegations of donations offered to the church by the drug lords. Indeed, legalizing of some drugs e.g. marijuana is been considered in order to curb drug trafficking (Kirkwood, 2010, p 217, 218) During the presidency of Fox, efforts of addressing the escalating drug production were st epped up and the number of arrests associated with drugs escalated. It is approximated that about 50,000 arrests were conducted as the authorities also destroyed marijuana fields in a bid to curb the drug trade. However, the government also faced embarrassing moments with the news of the drug cartels leaders escaping from jail. In response to the government’s measures of curbing the drug, trade the drug cartels mounted escalating violence throughout the country. In the year 2008, 6,300 people were said to have been murdered by drug related violence. In Ciudad, the situation has been termed as bloody as a record of 1,600 people was murdered in this city alone in the year 2008. In the year 2009, the violence had escalated as 2,300 Mexicans had been murdered as of May (Kirkwood, 2010, p 216) On assuming office in 2006, president Calderon aggressively responded towards the drug struggle, with about 45,000 troops being employed to deal with this menace. In the bloody Ciudad, 8,000 troops were deployed to tackle the city’s drug trade. The policies of the Calderon government in fighting the drug trade earned him assistance from the then Bush government that offered $1.4 billion to aid in efforts of combating drug trade (Kirkwood, 2010, p 216) Conclusion At the commencement of the second decade of the 21 century, the Mexican government faces numerous issues from all fronts. The main attention has been on combating the drug trafficking issue. Critics suggest that government attempts have failed in eradicating the drug war. In political scene, Mexico is striving to create a transparent democratic process since the obstacles surrounding the 1988 elections. Forward strides for a democratic process were marked in the 2000 presidential elections as it was marked as a political transition. The 2006 elections appeals by Lopez Obrador were indications of the long journey a head before Mexico can become fully democratic. The 2000 presidential elections saw a candi date not from the PRI party win, mainly because of collective support from the opposition to oust the PRI from power. The elections were termed as transparent and democratic thus bringing a new dimension to the Mexican politics. The indigenous cultural values of the communities in Mexico have been transformed by westernization culture to modern values. However, some of the cultural values like art have been maintained despite the change to modern cultural values. In addition to this, religious cultures e.g. the cult of the virgin of Guadalupe are still significant to the modern Mexico. It is suggested that some of the tourist attractions to Mexico are the murals painted on the walls of public ministries. Politics and social decays like drug trafficking are two different entities that should be separated for the common good of Mexico. In addition to this, the penetration of the drug money to the Catholic Church is a situation that is not helping but instead justifying the existence o f drug trafficking. However, tackling the drug menace will mean better future in the politics and economy of Mexico that has been engulfed by the drug trafficking situation. The culture of moral decay that had been brought about by the drug menace will also cease to exist, thus liberating Mexico. References Coerver, M. D., Pasztor, B.S, and Buffington, R. (2004). Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History. Web. Foster, V. L. (2010). A Brief History of Mexico. Web. Joseph. M. G, and Henderson, J. T. (2002). The Mexico reader: History, Culture, Politics. Web. Kirkwood, B. (2010). The History of Mexico. Web. This research paper on Mexican Politics, Culture and Drug Wars was written and submitted by user Nextwave to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.